Who is Erdogan Fighting in Syria?
by Jerry Gordon (September 2016)
Turkish Tanks and US-backed Syrian rebels crossing into Syria, August 24, 2016, AFP/Getty Images
At 4 AM local time on Wednesday August 24, 2016, a small task force of Turkish tanks and 500 Syrian Turkmen and Free Syrian Army (FSA) allies crossed the border at Karkamis into Jarablus, Syria ostensibly to close off the last ISIS held crossing. The rebel fighters came from small US special forces supported formations, the Hamza Division, the Sultan Murad Brigade and the Levante Front in Aleppo and the Idlib province in Syria. A Der Spiegel report on the Turkish invasion suggested that the move reflected shifting alliances in the six year civil war in Syria. A second wave of armored vehicles entered the Jarablus ‘pocket’ the following day along with Turkish special forces and a larger complement of Turkmen and FSA forces. The incursion had limited US Air support which made 8 sorties against fleeing ISIS fighters. The official statements from President Erdogan and his Interior Minister lent the impression that the main objective of Operation Euphrates Shield was only to clean out the remaining ISIS fighters. However, a second objective became apparent which was to demand the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Force (SDF) leave the city of Manbij, a city they had liberated in a hard fought two month campaign. Erdogan’s major move in Syria in late August 2016 stands in stark contrast to Turkish tanks in the border town of Suruc silently overlooking the destroyed city of Kobani that Kurdish YPG fighters had freed at high cost from ISIS on January 26, 2015.
Contrast these warning statements from Syrian Kurdish leader Saleh Muslim with those of President Erdogan and Interior Minister Efkan Ala:
Turkish President Erdogan said the operation was directed against terror organizations like Islamic State and the PYD, the largest Syrian Kurdish group.
Erdogan has made it abundantly clear that he lumps the YPG/PYD-led SDF in with the terrorist network of the Turkish Workers Party (PKK). He views the rising Kurdish autonomy as a threat to security inside Turkey. He had reignited the conflict with the Socialist Marxist PKK on July 20, 2015, with a staged suicide bombing by a Turkish student with alleged ISIS connections in Suruc, killing 32 young Kurdish activists and ending the 2013 cease fire struck with its jailed leader Abdullah Ocalan. The Kurdish-led Peoples Democratic Party (HDP) along with secular minority parties in the Ankara Parliament denied his AKP a super-majority to pass a referendum granting him executive Presidential powers. A reset September 2015 election returned his ruling AKP party to absolute control whereby he assumed near dictatorial authority. After the July 15, 2016 alleged coup was foiled, Erdogan initiated a veritable purge of the military, judiciary, educators and university academics. In mid-August, Erdogan’s government issued an indictment of the head of the Kurdish–led HDP, Selahattin Demirtas. The indictment accused Demirtas and other HDP leaders of spreading “terrorist propaganda,” a coded message inferring their unproven ties to the PKK.
Vice President Biden with Turkish President Erdogan Ankara, August 24, 2016, Kayhan Ozul Photo
Enter Vice President Biden on the Day of Turkey’s Incursion into Syria
Late Wednesday morning, as if on cue, US Vice President Joe Biden arrived in Ankara. He was there ostensibly to repair relations with Erdogan following the July 15, 2016 failed coup. He also tried to mollify Erdogan on his demand to immediately extradite his 75-year-old former Islamist ally, Sheik Fethullah Gulen, now ensconced in a fortified Poconos Mountain compound in Saylorville, Pennsylvania. Turkey filed a formal extradition request just prior to Biden’s arrival.
Biden proceeded to condition US support for Erdogan’s incursion with a demand that the SDF force immediately abandon Manbij, threatening that the US would abandon its support. A patent affront to the Kurdish-led force that many, including Brett McGurk, US Special Envoy for the Global Coalition Countering ISIL (ISIS), considered the best boots on the ground in the conflict. That immediately created a conflict between the two allies. The Washington Post cited the Vice President saying:
Biden said the Kurds, who Turkey claims intend to establish a separate state along a border corridor in conjunction with Turkey’s own Kurdish population, “cannot, will not, and under no circumstances will get American support if they do not keep” what he said was a commitment to return to the east [across the Euphrates River].
Biden went out of his way to apologize to a stony faced President Erdogan, explaining that the US could not immediately extradite Gulen. He endeavored to explain that under US Constitutional law a process had to ensure that the charges against Gulen were proven. Biden was cited saying:
The United States government is committed to do everything we can to help your government, Mr. Prime Minister. To bring those to justice who are responsible for the coup attempt.
Our legal experts are working right now with their Turkish counterparts on the production of and the evaluation of material and evidence that needs to be supplied to an American court to meet the requirements under our law in the Extradition Treaty to extradite Gulen. And we’re going to continue to do so as you continue to bring forward additional information. We have no interest whatsoever in protecting anyone who has done harm to an ally. None. But we need to meet the legal standard requirement under our law.”
Biden’s declaration against YPG advances against ISIS west of the Euphrates appeared to contradict an Administration announcement on July 29, 2016 by McGurk. That we were sending an additional 3,000 Special Operators to assist Kurdish forces to retake Raqqa, the self-declared Caliphate capital.
Watch this C-Span Video of Vice President Biden’s press conference in Ankara, Turkey.
Turkish Armored vehicles move into Jabalus, Syria pocket, August 25, 2016, AFP/Getty Images
Erdogan’s Game Plan in Syria
said, “I think the Turks are prepared to stay in the effort to take out [the Islamic State] for as long as it takes.” We took his statement as diplomatic cover.
Erdogan’s game plan is to use this wedge and create a Turkish held security or safe zone to assist in the repatriation of Syrian refugees. The so-called security zone had previously been objected to by the Administration as it would be the slippery slope of increasing US involvement in Syria. Witness these comments cited by the Wall Street Journal from a spokesman for President Erdogan, a Syrian ally and a Turkmen Alliance leader:
There were reports that Turkish air strike and artillery were targeting Kurdish units south of Manbij, The main SDF force in Manbij defied Turkish demands by leaving their Arab allies in place, perhaps setting the stage for a conflict. But the Turks may not have an easy time of it. The SDF force that occupied Manbij found an unwelcome gift from the departing ISIS fighters, an estimated 13,000 land mines. The PKK may have added their presence to the Turkish incursion. On Friday, August 2016, Reuters reported a suicide truck bombing in the Turkish border town of Cizre in the predominately Kurdish province of Simak, took the lives of 11 Turkish police with 78 injured, three of them civilians. The PKK only attacks Turkish security police, underlined by Premier Yildirim’s attribution of who may have perpetrated it.
Sunday, August 28, 2016, AFP reported significant civilian and Kurdish fighter resulting from Turkish air strikes and shelling: 75 dead.
Kurdish Media reveals a different picture of Operation Euphrates
Watch this You Tube Video of the TonahiTV “Inside Rojava” program.
Erdogan advisor connections to ISIS
US Special Operators with Syrian Democratic Forces in Syria
The Hasakah Bombing Incident
Prior to the Turkish incursion in Jarablus, there was an incident that occurred in Hasakah in the Syrian Kurdish homeland. That included a near US air tangle with Syrian Sukhoi fighters who were targeting five Kurdish positions and threatening US special operators assigned to the Kurdish forces. On August 18, 2016 just after fighting had broken out between Kurdish and Assad regime forces, The Wall Street Journal reported:
[Syrian] regime warplanes bombed an area of Hasakah near American special operations forces and fighters from the U.S.-backed and Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, who have been fighting Islamic State. The airstrikes prompted the U.S. to scramble jets and issue an unusual warning to the regime.
This may have been an event staged with the assistance of the Russians, who heretofore have defended the Syrian Kurds. The twist is that Russia ended up brokering a cease fire with the Assad forces on August 22, 2016 who were about to be overwhelmed by the SDF.
Stephen and Shoshana Bryen in a Defense News analysis of the episode, “Hasakah Bombed,” noted:
the location of American forces.
Furthermore, the attack on Hasakah had almost no military significance for the Assad regime. Syrian forces were located far from the targets and there is no tactical military benefit to Syria from flying a mission against a town that is firmly in Kurdish control. Other motives for the bombings, which killed a large number of civilians, might have been an overture by Russia to Turkey. Or a warning from Russia to the United States. Or a mistake by Russia.
So Washington quickly (temporarily?) pulled the Special Forces out of Hasakah. It should be noted, however, that the Obama Administration’s special envoy, Brett McGurk, announced the reinforcement of the U.S. mission in Syria by 3,000 additional Special Forces soldiers – nearly ten times the number originally sent to “train and advise” Kurdish forces.
As August closes, Russian bombers were flying out of an Iranian air base near Hamadan, shortening the time to attack opposition targets in Syria. The Iranians objected to the Russian disclosures. Erdogan is now espousing a political deal that might leave Assad in power. Further, the Turkish Foreign Minister has dropped hints that perhaps they might share with Russia the NATO airbase at Incirlik located 70 miles from Syria. That may have prompted reports out of Brussels that the USAF made an as yet unconfirmed emergency move of 60 to 70 overage B-61 nuclear weapons to Romania. The US Secretary of the Air Force, Deborah Jones signaled via the Kurdish news agency, Rudaw, that such a move by Turkey would not be “OK.”
The Bryens reported the chilling demands of a Turkish newspaper regarding Russian sharing of Incirlik and Turkey keeping those nukes:
After denying the possibility, Turkey’s Prime Minister said this week that Incirlik is open to other countries fighting ISIS – specifically including Russia. In a shot at the U.S., the pro-Erdogan newspaper Yeni Safa said Turkey should “take control” of the American nuclear weapons on the base. “The nukes must be handed over to Turkey, or Turkey should take control of them.” On the other hand, closer Russian ties to Turkey that come at the expense of alienating the Kurds may prove a long-term miscalculation for Putin.
They concluded, “for now, it appears Syria and Russia buried the hatchet with Turkey – in the back of the Kurds – and dared Washington to object.”
Conclusion
All of this demonstrates that the Kurdish SDF strategy, concocted by US Special Envoy Brett McGurk and the cadres of US special operators assisting them, is having its wings clipped. This is reflected in the Geneva meetings between Secretary of State Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov seeking a political settlement in war torn Syria and denying Kurdish autonomy.
reported Kerry saying at a press conference following the meeting:
We are for a united Syria. We do not support an independent Kurd initiative.
There has been some limited engagement, as everybody knows, with a component of Kurdish fighters on a limited basis, and we cooperated very closely with Turkey specifically to make sure that there was a clearer understanding of the rules by which that engagement would take place. They understand that. Now that Manbij city has been liberated, I think there are other expectations of what will take place, but we understand the sensitivities of our friends in Turkey with respect to this.
said:
I’m convinced the Kurds should have a full-fledged representation in that process, should remain an integral part of the Syrian state and be part of a solution to the problem, rather than a factor that someone will be using to split Syria, as the latter will trigger a chain reaction throughout the region while no one is interested in it.
As for various aspects of Turkish presence on the Syrian territory, including the Kurdish factor which is so much written about these days, our U.S. counterparts and we confirmed the importance of an emergency resumption and start of a political process where all the Syrian parties should participate.
The two world parties approved a deal in late July in Moscow, which is opposed by both the Pentagon and CIA, that involves the US and Russia joining forces for air strikes at the Syrian Al Qaeda affiliate, the al Nusra front. Russia in turn would hold off attacks on US-backed opposition and restrain Syrian air attacks. Looks to us like both the Pentagon and CIA were right. The White House and State Department were wrong. It didn’t work in Hasakah.
Assad scored a small victory in the six-year civil war. His forces negotiated the withdrawal on August 26, 2016 with the long-held rebel opposition in a Damascus suburb, Darayya. In a deal struck between the rebels and Assad forces, the former will surrender heavy weapons and 700 fighters will be bused up to Idlib province. The remaining 8,000 civilians, now homeless, were left to fend for themselves seeking sanctuary elsewhere. The irony is Darayya was where the opposition to Assad erupted nearly six years ago, sparking the now stalemated civil war.
However, Assad may not have support for long, given the reshuffling of interests in the conflict area. It also may mean that the Syrian Kurdish quest for autonomy could be stifled, once again. This despite the YPG – led Syrian Defense Force and their Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga brethren having demonstrated they are the best boots on the ground combating the Islamic State. The Kurds are resolute and determined in their quest for autonomy and independence in both West (Syria) and South (Iraq) Kurdistan. Now it appears the two world powers, the US and Russia, have dashed that hope.
For more informed discussion on this issue Listen to this Lisa Benson Show podcast, August 28, 2016: “U.S. Russia Syria-Iran-Turkey-Israel: The Tectonic Policy Shift”
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